See lupus on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
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],
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],
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]
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"name": "Pathology",
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"derived": [
{
"word": "lupiform"
},
{
"word": "lupoid"
},
{
"word": "lupologist"
},
{
"word": "lupuslike"
},
{
"word": "neurolupus"
},
{
"word": "nonlupus"
},
{
"word": "rhupus"
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"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
60,
65
]
],
"ref": "2015 January 21, 00:05:15 from the start, in Conan Visits Taco Bell (Conan), Conan O'Brien (actor), Team Coco:",
"text": "You like the name quesalupa? That is a little like \"case of lupus\". I just keep thinking about that.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
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36,
41
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],
"ref": "2019 November 12, Marianne Garvey, “Selena Gomez says she was attacked for gaining weight during her battle with lupus”, in CNN, archived from the original on 20 Mar 2023:",
"text": "After the singer was diagnosed with lupus, she tells the vodcast “Giving Back Generation” that she discovered the disease has a direct impact on her weight, which made her struggle privately.",
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"ref": "2022 March 17, Joan T. Merrill, Victoria P. Werth, Richard Furie et al., “Phase 2 Trial of Iberdomide in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 386, number 11, →DOI, page 1034:",
"text": "Iberdomide, a cereblon modulator promoting degradation of the transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos, which affect leukocyte development and autoimmunity, is being evaluated for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any of a number of autoimmune diseases, the most common of which is systemic lupus erythematosus."
],
"id": "en-lupus-en-noun-en:Q1485",
"links": [
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"autoimmune",
"autoimmune"
],
[
"systemic lupus erythematosus",
"systemic lupus erythematosus"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(pathology) Any of a number of autoimmune diseases, the most common of which is systemic lupus erythematosus."
],
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{
"word": "lupine"
},
{
"word": "lupulus"
},
{
"word": "lupus erythematosus"
},
{
"word": "lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei"
}
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"word": "wolf"
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{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "ḏiʔba",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ذِئْبَة"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "övrə"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "qurdeşənəyi"
},
{
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"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "vălčánka",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "вълча́нка"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "kòžna tuberkulòza",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ко̀жна туберкуло̀за"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "lúpus",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "лу́пус"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "lángchuāng",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "狼瘡 /狼疮"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "wolfszweer"
},
{
"code": "nl",
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"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
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{
"code": "nl",
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{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
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"word": "lupuso"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
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"word": "lupus"
},
{
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"masculine"
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},
{
"code": "gl",
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"lang_code": "gl",
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{
"code": "ka",
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{
"code": "de",
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"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
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"word": "Lupus"
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{
"code": "el",
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"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "lýkos",
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],
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},
{
"code": "he",
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],
"word": "זָאֶבֶת"
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{
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"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "lupus"
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"code": "pl",
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"code": "ro",
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"sense": "autoimmune disease",
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"tags": [
"feminine"
],
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"sense": "autoimmune disease",
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],
"word": "zverinac"
},
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],
"word": "lupus"
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"tags": [
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{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "to wish the impossible, literally: to wish to rescue a lamb from a wolf",
"translation": "to wish the impossible, literally: to wish to rescue a lamb from a wolf",
"word": "agnum lupō ēripere velle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "homō hominī lupus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lupa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lupārius"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lupātus"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
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],
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},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Lupercus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lupīnus"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lupulus"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "Lupus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lupus in fābulā"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "lupus in sermōne"
}
],
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"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "lup"
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"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "lupu"
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{
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"word": "lup"
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{
"lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
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"word": "lup"
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{
"lang": "Romanian",
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}
],
"lang": "Balkan Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "lopo"
},
{
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"lang_code": "nap",
"word": "lupo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Gallo-Italic of Sicily",
"lang_code": "roa-gis",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupö"
},
{
"lang": "Gallo-Italic of Sicily",
"lang_code": "roa-gis",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lup′"
},
{
"lang": "Gallo-Italic of Sicily",
"lang_code": "roa-gis",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupu"
},
{
"lang": "Maltese",
"lang_code": "mt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupu"
}
],
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "lupu"
}
],
"lang": "Italo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "låuv"
},
{
"lang": "Ligurian",
"lang_code": "lij",
"word": "lô"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "lov"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "loff"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "lóff"
}
],
"lang": "Gallo-Italic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "lôf"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "luf"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lovo"
}
],
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "lovo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lovo"
}
],
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "lóvo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lovo"
}
],
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "łovo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lovo"
}
],
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "łóvo"
}
],
"lang": "Padanian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "llop"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "lop"
},
{
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "leu"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "lop"
}
],
"lang": "Gallo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "llobu"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"word": "llobu"
},
{
"lang": "Mirandese",
"lang_code": "mwl",
"word": "lhobo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-ole",
"word": "lobo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fala",
"lang_code": "fax",
"word": "lobu"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "lobo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "lobo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "lobo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fala",
"lang_code": "fax",
"word": "lobu"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "lobo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "lobo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "llobo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "lovo"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "lobo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "lobo"
}
],
"lang": "Ibero-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Corsican",
"lang_code": "co",
"word": "lupu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupu"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "lupo"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "luv"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "luv"
}
],
"lang": "Vulgar Latin",
"lang_code": "la-vul",
"word": "*lūpum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupo"
},
{
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupo"
},
{
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lup"
}
],
"lang": "Conlangs",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Lupus"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lúpus"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupo"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "Anarhichas lupus"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*wĺ̥kʷos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wĺ̥kʷos"
],
[
"popīna",
"popina#Latin"
],
[
"Ulpius",
"Ulpius#Latin"
],
[
"λύκος",
"λύκος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"marten",
"marten"
],
[
"vulpēs",
"vulpes#Latin"
],
[
"vulpēs",
"vulpes#Latin"
],
[
"λύκος",
"λύκος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"वृक",
"वृक#Sanskrit"
],
[
"wulf",
"wulf#Old_English"
],
[
"влькъ",
"влькъ#Old_Church_Slavonic"
],
[
"lycos",
"lycos#Latin"
],
[
"Lycus",
"Lycus#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":bor<unc>",
"3": "itc-sbl:-<ety:inh<itc-pro:<alt:*lukʷos><ety:der<ine-pro:*wĺ̥kʷos>>>>",
"title": "lupus"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Osco-Umbrian\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*lukʷos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"dangerous\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wl̥kʷós\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"adjective\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wĺ̥kʷos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-sbl\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"lupus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"lupus\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wĺ̥kʷos",
"t": "wolf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*lukʷos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *lukʷos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/p/"
},
"expansion": "/p/",
"name": "ic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Ulpius"
},
"expansion": "Latin Ulpius",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "λύκος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*wl̥p"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wl̥p",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vulpēs",
"t": "fox"
},
"expansion": "Latin vulpēs (“fox”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "λύκος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "वृक"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit वृक (vṛka)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wulf"
},
"expansion": "Old English wulf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "влькъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic влькъ (vlĭkŭ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "lycos",
"3": "Lycus"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of lycos and Lycus",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Possibilities include:\n* Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”). The term may have undergone metathesis to Proto-Italic *lukʷos, which then may have entered Latin via a Osco-Umbrian language, where the change of *kʷ to /p/ is regular. Another example of a borrowing with that shift is popīna. According to the linguist Stefan Höfler, a non-metathesized Italic form may be reflected in Latin Ulpius.\n* Linguist Simon Esposito argues that, since Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos) may showcase similar metathesis, the term was borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language that itself may have borrowed the term from Greek at an early date.\n* De Vaan alternatively suggests a possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥p / *lup- (“marten”), which is perhaps also continued by Latin vulpēs (“fox”). According to De Vaan, such a development may have occurred due to the tabooistic replacement of the word for “wolf.” However, De Vaan notes that this theory requires an explanation for the term’s continuance as vulpēs. This etymology also requires a somewhat tenuous semantic development from “marten” > “fox” > “wolf”.\nPossible cognates include Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos), Sanskrit वृक (vṛka), Old English wulf, and Old Church Slavonic влькъ (vlĭkŭ). Doublet of lycos and Lycus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lupī",
"links": [
[
"lupī",
"lupi"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "lupa",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "lupus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lupī",
"links": [
[
"lupī",
"lupi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lupī",
"links": [
[
"lupī",
"lupi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lupōrum",
"links": [
[
"lupōrum",
"luporum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lupō",
"links": [
[
"lupō",
"lupo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lupīs",
"links": [
[
"lupīs",
"lupis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lupum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lupōs",
"links": [
[
"lupōs",
"lupos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lupō",
"links": [
[
"lupō",
"lupo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lupīs",
"links": [
[
"lupīs",
"lupis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lupe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "lupī",
"links": [
[
"lupī",
"lupi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lupus<2>",
"f": "lupa"
},
"expansion": "lupus m (genitive lupī, feminine lupa); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lupus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 13 13 4 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 14 14 4 14 14 14 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 11 11 11 11 11 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Wolves",
"orig": "la:Wolves",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
13,
17
]
],
"english": "A man [is] a wolf to [another] man.",
"text": "Homō hominī lupus.",
"translation": "A man [is] a wolf to [another] man.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wolf (Canis lupus)"
],
"id": "en-lupus-la-noun-rzjn3J9B",
"links": [
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"Canis lupus",
"Canis lupus#Translingual"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Zoology",
"orig": "la:Zoology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 11 11 4 17 17 17 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 12 12 5 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 11 11 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 13 13 4 15 15 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 13 13 4 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 14 14 4 14 14 14 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf",
"pike (Esocidae)"
],
"id": "en-lupus-la-noun-q28r4xB7",
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"savage",
"savage"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"pike",
"pike"
],
[
"Esocidae",
"Esocidae#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology) an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf, particularly:",
"pike (Esocidae)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Zoology",
"orig": "la:Zoology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 11 11 4 17 17 17 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 12 12 5 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 11 11 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 13 13 4 15 15 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 13 13 4 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 14 14 4 14 14 14 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf",
"wolffish (Anarhichadidae)"
],
"id": "en-lupus-la-noun-chqePbpX",
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"savage",
"savage"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"wolffish",
"wolffish"
],
[
"Anarhichadidae",
"Anarhichadidae#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology) an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf, particularly:",
"wolffish (Anarhichadidae)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Zoology",
"orig": "la:Zoology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 11 11 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 6 6 60 6 6 8 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin terms with uncertain meaning",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf",
"an uncertain kind of spider"
],
"id": "en-lupus-la-noun-DSOyZy6m",
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"savage",
"savage"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"uncertain",
"uncertain"
],
[
"kind",
"kind"
],
[
"spider",
"spider"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology) an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf, particularly:",
"an uncertain kind of spider"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Carpentry",
"orig": "la:Carpentry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 11 11 4 17 17 17 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 12 12 5 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 11 11 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 13 13 4 15 15 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 13 13 4 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 14 14 4 14 14 14 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth",
"a kind of bit"
],
"id": "en-lupus-la-noun-WQCT5QlT",
"links": [
[
"carpentry",
"carpentry"
],
[
"tool",
"tool"
],
[
"shape",
"shape"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"tooth",
"tooth"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"kind",
"kind"
],
[
"bit",
"bit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(carpentry) a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth, particularly:",
"a kind of bit"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"carpentry",
"construction",
"manufacturing"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Carpentry",
"orig": "la:Carpentry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 11 11 4 17 17 17 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 12 12 5 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 11 11 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 13 13 4 15 15 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 13 13 4 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 14 14 4 14 14 14 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth",
"a kind of handsaw"
],
"id": "en-lupus-la-noun-vpGtv~yd",
"links": [
[
"carpentry",
"carpentry"
],
[
"tool",
"tool"
],
[
"shape",
"shape"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"tooth",
"tooth"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"kind",
"kind"
],
[
"handsaw",
"handsaw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(carpentry) a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth, particularly:",
"a kind of handsaw"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"carpentry",
"construction",
"manufacturing"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Carpentry",
"orig": "la:Carpentry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 11 11 4 17 17 17 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 12 12 5 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 11 11 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 13 13 4 15 15 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 13 13 4 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 14 14 4 14 14 14 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth",
"a kind of hook used for hoisting objects"
],
"id": "en-lupus-la-noun-Wm4oFk~u",
"links": [
[
"carpentry",
"carpentry"
],
[
"tool",
"tool"
],
[
"shape",
"shape"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"tooth",
"tooth"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"kind",
"kind"
],
[
"hook",
"hook"
],
[
"use",
"use"
],
[
"hoist",
"hoist"
],
[
"object",
"object"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(carpentry) a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth, particularly:",
"a kind of hook used for hoisting objects"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"carpentry",
"construction",
"manufacturing"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "la",
"name": "Botany",
"orig": "la:Botany",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 11 11 4 17 17 17 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 12 12 5 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 11 11 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 13 13 4 15 15 15 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 13 13 4 16 16 16 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 14 14 4 14 14 14 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hops (Humulus lupulus)"
],
"id": "en-lupus-la-noun-X-imQftp",
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"hops",
"hops"
],
[
"Humulus lupulus",
"Humulus lupulus#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) hops (Humulus lupulus)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɫʊ.pʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈluː.pus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "hirpus"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Osco-Umbrian languages"
],
"word": "lupus"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"lupus",
"lupus#French"
],
[
"lup",
"lup#Romanian"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fr",
"3": "lupus"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French lupus",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "lup"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of lup",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French lupus. Doublet of lup.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "lupus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "lupusul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "lupus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "lupusului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "lupusule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "lupus n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gpd": "lupuselor",
"gpi": "lupuse",
"gsd": "lupusului",
"gsi": "lupus",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "lupusele",
"npi": "lupuse",
"nsd": "lupusul",
"nsi": "lupus",
"vp": "lupuselor",
"vs": "lupusule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lupus"
],
"id": "en-lupus-ro-noun-RwhRFtge",
"links": [
[
"lupus",
"lupus#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "lupus"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*wl̥kʷós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wl̥kʷós"
],
[
"*wĺ̥kʷos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wĺ̥kʷos"
],
[
"lupus",
"lupus#Latin"
],
[
"lupus",
"lupus#Latin"
],
[
"lobo",
"lobo#Spanish"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "la:lupus",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷós?\nProto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷosder.\nProto-Italic *lukʷos\nOsco-Umbrianbor.?\nLatin lupusbor.\nSpanish lupus\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Osco-Umbrian\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*lukʷos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"dangerous\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wl̥kʷós\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"adjective\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wĺ̥kʷos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-sbl\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"lupus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Spanish\", \"term\" : \"lupus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"es\" }\" data-lang=\"es\" data-title=\"lupus\">\nBorrowed from Latin lupus.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "lobo"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of lobo",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷós?\nProto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷosder.\nProto-Italic *lukʷos\nOsco-Umbrianbor.?\nLatin lupusbor.\nSpanish lupus\nBorrowed from Latin lupus. Doublet of lobo.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "lupus m (uncountable)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"lu‧pus"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"lu‧pus"
]
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "Diseases",
"orig": "es:Diseases",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "lúpico"
}
],
"glosses": [
"lupus"
],
"id": "en-lupus-es-noun-RwhRFtge",
"links": [
[
"lupus",
"lupus#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈlupus/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈlu.pus]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-upus"
}
],
"word": "lupus"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"lupus",
"lupus#Latin"
],
[
"llop",
"llop#Catalan"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": ":lbor",
"3": "la:lupus"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Osco-Umbrian\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*lukʷos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"dangerous\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wl̥kʷós\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"adjective\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wĺ̥kʷos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-sbl\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"lupus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Catalan\", \"term\" : \"lupus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ca\" }\" data-lang=\"ca\" data-title=\"lupus\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "la",
"3": "lupus"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin lupus",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "llop",
"notext": "1"
},
"expansion": "llop",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin lupus. Doublet of the inherited llop.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "lupus m (uncountable)",
"name": "ca-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Catalan doublets",
"Catalan entries with etymon",
"Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"Catalan learned borrowings from Latin",
"Catalan lemmas",
"Catalan masculine nouns",
"Catalan nouns",
"Catalan terms borrowed from Latin",
"Catalan terms derived from Latin",
"Catalan terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Catalan terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Catalan terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Catalan terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *wĺ̥kʷos",
"Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Catalan uncountable nouns",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"ca:Diseases"
],
"glosses": [
"lupus"
],
"links": [
[
"lupus",
"lupus#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈlu.pus]",
"tags": [
"Balearic",
"Central",
"Northern",
"Northwestern",
"Valencia"
]
}
],
"word": "lupus"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "lupiform"
},
{
"word": "lupoid"
},
{
"word": "lupologist"
},
{
"word": "lupuslike"
},
{
"word": "neurolupus"
},
{
"word": "nonlupus"
},
{
"word": "rhupus"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"lupus",
"lupus#Latin"
],
[
"lobo",
"lobo#English"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "lupus",
"4": "",
"5": "wolf"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin lupus (“wolf”)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "lobo",
"3": "wolf"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of lobo and wolf",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin lupus (“wolf”). Doublet of lobo and wolf.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "lupus (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "lupine"
},
{
"word": "lupulus"
},
{
"word": "lupus erythematosus"
},
{
"word": "lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/uːpəs",
"Rhymes:English/uːpəs/2 syllables",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"en:Pathology"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
60,
65
]
],
"ref": "2015 January 21, 00:05:15 from the start, in Conan Visits Taco Bell (Conan), Conan O'Brien (actor), Team Coco:",
"text": "You like the name quesalupa? That is a little like \"case of lupus\". I just keep thinking about that.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
36,
41
]
],
"ref": "2019 November 12, Marianne Garvey, “Selena Gomez says she was attacked for gaining weight during her battle with lupus”, in CNN, archived from the original on 20 Mar 2023:",
"text": "After the singer was diagnosed with lupus, she tells the vodcast “Giving Back Generation” that she discovered the disease has a direct impact on her weight, which made her struggle privately.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
205,
210
]
],
"ref": "2022 March 17, Joan T. Merrill, Victoria P. Werth, Richard Furie et al., “Phase 2 Trial of Iberdomide in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 386, number 11, →DOI, page 1034:",
"text": "Iberdomide, a cereblon modulator promoting degradation of the transcription factors Ikaros and Aiolos, which affect leukocyte development and autoimmunity, is being evaluated for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any of a number of autoimmune diseases, the most common of which is systemic lupus erythematosus."
],
"links": [
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"autoimmune",
"autoimmune"
],
[
"systemic lupus erythematosus",
"systemic lupus erythematosus"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(pathology) Any of a number of autoimmune diseases, the most common of which is systemic lupus erythematosus."
],
"senseid": [
"en:Q1485"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q1485"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "lo͝o'pəs"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈluːpəs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-lupus.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lupus.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lupus.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lupus.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-lupus.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlupəs/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-lupus.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-lupus.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-lupus.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-lupus.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Wodencafe-lupus.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Texas"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈlʉːpəs/",
"tags": [
"Australia",
"New-Zealand"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːpəs"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "wolf"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "ḏiʔba",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ذِئْبَة"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "övrə"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "qurdeşənəyi"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "vălčánka",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "вълча́нка"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "kòžna tuberkulòza",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ко̀жна туберкуло̀за"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "lúpus",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "лу́пус"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "lángchuāng",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "狼瘡 /狼疮"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "wolfszweer"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "huidaandoening"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "lupuso"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "mglura",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "მგლურა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Lupus"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "lýkos",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "λύκος"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"lang_code": "he",
"roman": "za'évet",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "זָאֶבֶת"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "lupusz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "toczeń"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "wilk"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lúpus"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "volčánka",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "волча́нка"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zverinac"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "autoimmune disease",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lupus"
}
],
"word": "lupus"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "lupico"
},
{
"word": "lupoma"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"lupus",
"lupus#Latin"
],
[
"lovo",
"lovo#Italian"
],
[
"lupo",
"lupo#Italian"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "la",
"3": "lupus"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Latin lupus",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "lovo"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of lovo",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "lupo",
"notext": "1"
},
"expansion": "lupo",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin lupus. Doublet of lovo and the inherited lupo.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "#"
},
"expansion": "lupus m (invariable)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"lù‧pus"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"lù‧pus"
]
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Italian 2-syllable words",
"Italian countable nouns",
"Italian doublets",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian indeclinable nouns",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian masculine nouns",
"Italian nouns",
"Italian terms borrowed from Latin",
"Italian terms derived from Latin",
"Italian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Italian/upus",
"Rhymes:Italian/upus/2 syllables",
"it:Diseases"
],
"glosses": [
"lupus"
],
"links": [
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"lupus",
"lupus#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(pathology) lupus"
],
"tags": [
"invariable",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈlu.pus/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-upus"
}
],
"word": "lupus"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin doublets",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin masculine nouns",
"Latin masculine nouns in the second declension",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin second declension nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *wĺ̥kʷos",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with uncertain meaning",
"Latin terms with unknown etymologies",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon",
"la:Wolves"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "to wish the impossible, literally: to wish to rescue a lamb from a wolf",
"translation": "to wish the impossible, literally: to wish to rescue a lamb from a wolf",
"word": "agnum lupō ēripere velle"
},
{
"word": "homō hominī lupus"
},
{
"word": "lupa"
},
{
"word": "lupārius"
},
{
"word": "lupātus"
},
{
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin"
],
"word": "lupellus"
},
{
"word": "Lupercus"
},
{
"word": "lupīnus"
},
{
"word": "lupulus"
},
{
"word": "Lupus"
},
{
"word": "lupus in fābulā"
},
{
"word": "lupus in sermōne"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "lup"
},
{
"lang": "Aromanian",
"lang_code": "rup",
"word": "lupu"
},
{
"lang": "Istro-Romanian",
"lang_code": "ruo",
"word": "lup"
},
{
"lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
"lang_code": "ruq",
"word": "lup"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"word": "lup"
}
],
"lang": "Balkan Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"tags": [
"regional"
],
"word": "lopo"
},
{
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"lang_code": "nap",
"word": "lupo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Gallo-Italic of Sicily",
"lang_code": "roa-gis",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupö"
},
{
"lang": "Gallo-Italic of Sicily",
"lang_code": "roa-gis",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lup′"
},
{
"lang": "Gallo-Italic of Sicily",
"lang_code": "roa-gis",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupu"
},
{
"lang": "Maltese",
"lang_code": "mt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupu"
}
],
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"word": "lupu"
}
],
"lang": "Italo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Emilian",
"lang_code": "egl",
"word": "låuv"
},
{
"lang": "Ligurian",
"lang_code": "lij",
"word": "lô"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "lov"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "loff"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "lóff"
}
],
"lang": "Gallo-Italic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Friulian",
"lang_code": "fur",
"word": "lôf"
},
{
"lang": "Romansh",
"lang_code": "rm",
"word": "luf"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lovo"
}
],
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "lovo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lovo"
}
],
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "lóvo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lovo"
}
],
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "łovo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lovo"
}
],
"lang": "Venetan",
"lang_code": "vec",
"word": "łóvo"
}
],
"lang": "Padanian",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "llop"
},
{
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"word": "lop"
},
{
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "leu"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "lop"
}
],
"lang": "Gallo-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "llobu"
},
{
"lang": "Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-leo",
"word": "llobu"
},
{
"lang": "Mirandese",
"lang_code": "mwl",
"word": "lhobo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Leonese",
"lang_code": "roa-ole",
"word": "lobo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fala",
"lang_code": "fax",
"word": "lobu"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "lobo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "lobo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "lobo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Fala",
"lang_code": "fax",
"word": "lobu"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "lobo"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "lobo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"word": "llobo"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ladino",
"lang_code": "lad",
"word": "lovo"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "lobo"
}
],
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"lang_code": "osp",
"word": "lobo"
}
],
"lang": "Ibero-Romance",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Corsican",
"lang_code": "co",
"word": "lupu"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupu"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "lupo"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "luv"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "luv"
}
],
"lang": "Vulgar Latin",
"lang_code": "la-vul",
"word": "*lūpum"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupo"
},
{
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupo"
},
{
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lup"
}
],
"lang": "Conlangs",
"lang_code": "unknown"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Lupus"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lúpus"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupo"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Lupus"
},
{
"lang": "Translingual",
"lang_code": "mul",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "Anarhichas lupus"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*wĺ̥kʷos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wĺ̥kʷos"
],
[
"popīna",
"popina#Latin"
],
[
"Ulpius",
"Ulpius#Latin"
],
[
"λύκος",
"λύκος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"marten",
"marten"
],
[
"vulpēs",
"vulpes#Latin"
],
[
"vulpēs",
"vulpes#Latin"
],
[
"λύκος",
"λύκος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"वृक",
"वृक#Sanskrit"
],
[
"wulf",
"wulf#Old_English"
],
[
"влькъ",
"влькъ#Old_Church_Slavonic"
],
[
"lycos",
"lycos#Latin"
],
[
"Lycus",
"Lycus#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":bor<unc>",
"3": "itc-sbl:-<ety:inh<itc-pro:<alt:*lukʷos><ety:der<ine-pro:*wĺ̥kʷos>>>>",
"title": "lupus"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Osco-Umbrian\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*lukʷos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"dangerous\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wl̥kʷós\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"adjective\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wĺ̥kʷos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-sbl\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"lupus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"lupus\">",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wĺ̥kʷos",
"t": "wolf"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*lukʷos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *lukʷos",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-sbl"
},
"expansion": "Osco-Umbrian",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/p/"
},
"expansion": "/p/",
"name": "ic"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Ulpius"
},
"expansion": "Latin Ulpius",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "λύκος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "",
"3": "*wl̥p"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wl̥p",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vulpēs",
"t": "fox"
},
"expansion": "Latin vulpēs (“fox”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "λύκος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "वृक"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit वृक (vṛka)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wulf"
},
"expansion": "Old English wulf",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "влькъ"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic влькъ (vlĭkŭ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "lycos",
"3": "Lycus"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of lycos and Lycus",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain. Possibilities include:\n* Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos (“wolf”). The term may have undergone metathesis to Proto-Italic *lukʷos, which then may have entered Latin via a Osco-Umbrian language, where the change of *kʷ to /p/ is regular. Another example of a borrowing with that shift is popīna. According to the linguist Stefan Höfler, a non-metathesized Italic form may be reflected in Latin Ulpius.\n* Linguist Simon Esposito argues that, since Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos) may showcase similar metathesis, the term was borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language that itself may have borrowed the term from Greek at an early date.\n* De Vaan alternatively suggests a possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European *wl̥p / *lup- (“marten”), which is perhaps also continued by Latin vulpēs (“fox”). According to De Vaan, such a development may have occurred due to the tabooistic replacement of the word for “wolf.” However, De Vaan notes that this theory requires an explanation for the term’s continuance as vulpēs. This etymology also requires a somewhat tenuous semantic development from “marten” > “fox” > “wolf”.\nPossible cognates include Ancient Greek λύκος (lúkos), Sanskrit वृक (vṛka), Old English wulf, and Old Church Slavonic влькъ (vlĭkŭ). Doublet of lycos and Lycus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "lupī",
"links": [
[
"lupī",
"lupi"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "lupa",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "lupus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lupī",
"links": [
[
"lupī",
"lupi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lupī",
"links": [
[
"lupī",
"lupi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lupōrum",
"links": [
[
"lupōrum",
"luporum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lupō",
"links": [
[
"lupō",
"lupo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lupīs",
"links": [
[
"lupīs",
"lupis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lupum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lupōs",
"links": [
[
"lupōs",
"lupos#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lupō",
"links": [
[
"lupō",
"lupo#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "lupīs",
"links": [
[
"lupīs",
"lupis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "lupe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "lupī",
"links": [
[
"lupī",
"lupi#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lupus<2>",
"f": "lupa"
},
"expansion": "lupus m (genitive lupī, feminine lupa); second declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lupus<2>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
17
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
13,
17
]
],
"english": "A man [is] a wolf to [another] man.",
"text": "Homō hominī lupus.",
"translation": "A man [is] a wolf to [another] man.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wolf (Canis lupus)"
],
"links": [
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"Canis lupus",
"Canis lupus#Translingual"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"la:Zoology"
],
"glosses": [
"an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf",
"pike (Esocidae)"
],
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"savage",
"savage"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"pike",
"pike"
],
[
"Esocidae",
"Esocidae#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology) an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf, particularly:",
"pike (Esocidae)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"la:Zoology"
],
"glosses": [
"an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf",
"wolffish (Anarhichadidae)"
],
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"savage",
"savage"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"wolffish",
"wolffish"
],
[
"Anarhichadidae",
"Anarhichadidae#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology) an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf, particularly:",
"wolffish (Anarhichadidae)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"la:Zoology"
],
"glosses": [
"an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf",
"an uncertain kind of spider"
],
"links": [
[
"zoology",
"zoology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"act",
"act"
],
[
"savage",
"savage"
],
[
"manner",
"manner"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"uncertain",
"uncertain"
],
[
"kind",
"kind"
],
[
"spider",
"spider"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zoology) an animal which acts in the savage manner of a wolf, particularly:",
"an uncertain kind of spider"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"la:Carpentry"
],
"glosses": [
"a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth",
"a kind of bit"
],
"links": [
[
"carpentry",
"carpentry"
],
[
"tool",
"tool"
],
[
"shape",
"shape"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"tooth",
"tooth"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"kind",
"kind"
],
[
"bit",
"bit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(carpentry) a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth, particularly:",
"a kind of bit"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"carpentry",
"construction",
"manufacturing"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"la:Carpentry"
],
"glosses": [
"a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth",
"a kind of handsaw"
],
"links": [
[
"carpentry",
"carpentry"
],
[
"tool",
"tool"
],
[
"shape",
"shape"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"tooth",
"tooth"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"kind",
"kind"
],
[
"handsaw",
"handsaw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(carpentry) a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth, particularly:",
"a kind of handsaw"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"carpentry",
"construction",
"manufacturing"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"la:Carpentry"
],
"glosses": [
"a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth",
"a kind of hook used for hoisting objects"
],
"links": [
[
"carpentry",
"carpentry"
],
[
"tool",
"tool"
],
[
"shape",
"shape"
],
[
"wolf",
"wolf"
],
[
"tooth",
"tooth"
],
[
"particularly",
"particularly"
],
[
"kind",
"kind"
],
[
"hook",
"hook"
],
[
"use",
"use"
],
[
"hoist",
"hoist"
],
[
"object",
"object"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(carpentry) a tool which is shaped like a wolf's tooth, particularly:",
"a kind of hook used for hoisting objects"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"business",
"carpentry",
"construction",
"manufacturing"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"la:Botany"
],
"glosses": [
"hops (Humulus lupulus)"
],
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"hops",
"hops"
],
[
"Humulus lupulus",
"Humulus lupulus#Translingual"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) hops (Humulus lupulus)"
],
"tags": [
"declension-2",
"masculine"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɫʊ.pʊs]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈluː.pus]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "hirpus"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Osco-Umbrian languages"
],
"word": "lupus"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"lupus",
"lupus#French"
],
[
"lup",
"lup#Romanian"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fr",
"3": "lupus"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from French lupus",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "lup"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of lup",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from French lupus. Doublet of lup.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "lupus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "lupusul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "lupus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "lupusului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "lupusule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "lupus n (uncountable)",
"name": "ro-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gpd": "lupuselor",
"gpi": "lupuse",
"gsd": "lupusului",
"gsi": "lupus",
"n": "sg",
"npd": "lupusele",
"npi": "lupuse",
"nsd": "lupusul",
"nsi": "lupus",
"vp": "lupuselor",
"vs": "lupusule"
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun-single"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian doublets",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian neuter nouns",
"Romanian nouns",
"Romanian terms borrowed from French",
"Romanian terms derived from French",
"Romanian uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"lupus"
],
"links": [
[
"lupus",
"lupus#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"word": "lupus"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "lúpico"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*wl̥kʷós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wl̥kʷós"
],
[
"*wĺ̥kʷos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wĺ̥kʷos"
],
[
"lupus",
"lupus#Latin"
],
[
"lupus",
"lupus#Latin"
],
[
"lobo",
"lobo#Spanish"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "la:lupus",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷós?\nProto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷosder.\nProto-Italic *lukʷos\nOsco-Umbrianbor.?\nLatin lupusbor.\nSpanish lupus\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Osco-Umbrian\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*lukʷos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"dangerous\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wl̥kʷós\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"adjective\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wĺ̥kʷos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-sbl\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"lupus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Spanish\", \"term\" : \"lupus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"es\" }\" data-lang=\"es\" data-title=\"lupus\">\nBorrowed from Latin lupus.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "lobo"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of lobo",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *wl̥kʷós?\nProto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷosder.\nProto-Italic *lukʷos\nOsco-Umbrianbor.?\nLatin lupusbor.\nSpanish lupus\nBorrowed from Latin lupus. Doublet of lobo.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "lupus m (uncountable)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"lu‧pus"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"lu‧pus"
]
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:Spanish/upus",
"Rhymes:Spanish/upus/2 syllables",
"Spanish 2-syllable words",
"Spanish doublets",
"Spanish entries with etymology texts",
"Spanish entries with etymology trees",
"Spanish entries with etymon",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish masculine nouns",
"Spanish nouns",
"Spanish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Spanish terms derived from Latin",
"Spanish terms derived from Osco-Umbrian languages",
"Spanish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Spanish terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Spanish terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *wĺ̥kʷos",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Spanish uncountable nouns",
"es:Diseases"
],
"glosses": [
"lupus"
],
"links": [
[
"lupus",
"lupus#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈlupus/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈlu.pus]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-upus"
}
],
"word": "lupus"
}
Download raw JSONL data for lupus meaning in All languages combined (35.4kB)
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}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.